Welcome to the Financial Education Center, a dynamic and ever-evolving resource designed to cater to diverse backgrounds. Our commitment is to provide comprehensive financial knowledge, with regular updates and expansions to ensure relevance. Should you have a question not covered in our general or nation spesfic materials, we encourage you to submit it. We pledge to diligently research your inquiries and deliver the most thorough responses. Recognizing the value of your time, we've marked essential topics with yellow icons for quick identification. Dive in and empower your financial journey!
Budgeting is the process of creating a plan to manage your money, outlining your expected income and expenses to ensure you’re spending wisely and saving effectively.
Overview: Budgeting is essentially creating a plan for your money. It involves organizing your income and deciding how to spend or save it. Using the 50/30/20 rule(1) as a general guide—allocating 50% for needs, 30% for wants, and 20% for savings or debt repayment—is a good place to start. This is also a good time to start setting financial goals with specific objectives, such as paying off debt, saving for a vacation, or building an emergency fund.
Collatz Tip #1: Regularly review and adjust your financial goals as your life circumstances change. This flexibility ensures that your goals remain relevant and achievable, guiding your financial decisions effectively.
Collatz Tip #2: For specific budgeting app recommendations, check out your country specific education center
Definitions
Income(2): The money a person or business receives in exchange for their labor or investment
Expenses(3): Money spent to acquire something, such as housing, food or child care etc
Sources
1 UNFCU
2 Investopedia
3 Forage
Fixed expenses are costs that remain constant each month, such as rent or mortgage payments, while variable expenses fluctuate based on usage or need, like groceries or entertainment.
Overview: Fixed expenses are costs that remain constant every month, such as rent, mortgage payments or subscriptions. Variable expenses are costs that fluctuate, like utility bills or grocery spending.
Collatz Tip: Set aside a little extra in your budget for variable expenses; this additional buffer can help you handle unexpected costs or price increases without compromising your overall financial plan. If you’re struggling to create a budget or would like more guidance on how much money should be allocated to each category, feel free to contact us.
Saving involves setting aside a portion of your income for future goals or emergencies, helping to build financial security and achieve long-term objectives.
Overview: Saving is the practice of setting aside a portion of your income for future use, acting as a financial safety net and resource for achieving personal goals. You should split your savings goals into short-term and long-term savings. Short-term savings focus on immediate or near-future needs (like vacations or emergency funds). Long-term savings target future milestones (such as retirement, buying a house, or relocation). Your first short-term savings fund should be an emergency fund. An emergency fund is a dedicated savings account set aside for unforeseen expenses, such as medical bills, car repairs, or sudden job loss. It’s your financial safety net designed to cover life’s unexpected events without resorting to debt.
Collatz Tip #1: Consider setting up automatic transfers to a savings account and emergency fund each payday. This “pay yourself first” strategy ensures you consistently save, making it easier to build a substantial savings cushion over time. Even small, regular deposits can grow into a significant financial buffer over time, safeguarding your financial well-being against unforeseen challenges.
Collatz Tip #2: Regularly review and adjust your savings strategies to reflect changes in your financial situation and priorities. This dynamic approach allows you to stay on track toward achieving both your short-term needs and long-term dreams.
Banks are for-profit, public financial institutions, while credit unions are non-profit, member-owned cooperatives, often offering lower fees and higher savings interest rates.
Overview: Credit unions and banks are both vital financial institutions. Credit unions are member-owned not-for-profit entities with lower interest rates. Banks are shareholder-owned for-profit organizations with wider service offerings, such as investment tools, credit cards, customer service, and more locations.
Collatz Tip: We recommend using a credit union for loans and a bank for your day-to-day financial needs. It’s important to note that you can have multiple accounts within one or more credit unions and one or more banks at the same time.
Checking accounts are designed for frequent transactions, while savings accounts are intended for money storage to accrue interest. Bank accounts are some of the best financial tools.
Overview: The two most common types of bank/credit union accounts are checking and savings accounts. A checking account handles everyday expenses such as cash withdrawals, paying off credit cards, and transferring money to others. A savings account is a secure account where you store and grow your money over time. Ideally, you would not withdraw or transfer money out of your savings account unless it were an emergency or it was time to purchase something you had saved up for, such as a car, vacation, or house.
Collatz Tip: When choosing a bank account, ensure your checking account offers convenient access for everyday transactions and low fees, while your savings account provides a higher interest rate for better long-term growth. Try your best to only use banks that are a part of your nation’s deposit insurance program (ex. FDIC for the US). Please see the nation-specific education section for direct bank recommendations!
Banking fees can include transaction fees checking accounts, maintenance fees in savings accounts if certain conditions aren’t met, and various credit card-related charges such as annual fees, late payment penalties, and foreign transaction costs.
Overview: Fees and charges in financial transactions and in bank accounts refer to the costs associated with various services and activities. Below are a few of the most common types of fees.
Collatz Tip: To steer clear of overdraft fees, consider setting up low-balance alerts on your bank account. This way, you receive timely notifications, empowering you to take preventive action and keep your finances in check.
Sources
1 Consumer Finance.gov
2 Lending Tree
3 SoFi
Credit cards allow users to borrow money up to a certain limit in order to purchase items or withdraw cash, while debit cards allow bank customers to spend money by drawing on funds they have deposited at the bank.
Overview: A credit card is a card issued by a bank that allows cardholders to borrow money from them up to a specified limit. You may then pay it back over time (usually a month) until your next credit card bill; otherwise, you may incur high interest on top of what you owe. Depending on what kind of credit card you obtain, you can receive some perks or advantages such as cashback or travel points. However, an advantage that is shared across almost all kinds of credit cards is fraud protection. This means if your card gets stolen and misused, you can call your bank to say you didn’t authorize those charges, and they can waive them while assigning you a new card. *Note: If you falsely claim unauthorized transactions when they were authorized, that is fraud.
A debit card is a card connected to your checking account that draws funds directly from your account. Therefore, you may only use your card for transactions that align with how much money is in your checking account. Unlike a credit card, you cannot spend money that is not in your account, and rather than incurring interest or an overdraft fee, your card will decline the transaction.
Collatz Tip #1: If you don’t have any cards yet, we suggest starting off with a debit card
Collatz Tip #2: Set up autopay to make automatic minimum payments to your credit card bill. This ensures you never miss a payment which would hurt your credit score.
Debt refers to money borrowed by one party from another, often for making large purchases, while interest rates are the proportion of a loan charged as interest to the borrower, typically expressed as an annual percentage of the loan outstanding.
Overview: Debt is any money you owe. Typically your debt should be paid off in a specified timeline from your lender. If you fail to meet their debt repayment plan, you may incur interest. Interest rates on debt indicate how much extra you will pay on top of what you have borrowed. They vary widely among different types of debt, from relatively low rates for mortgages(Housing) to high rates for credit cards.
Debt(1) – is something, usually money, owed by one party to another. Debt is used by many individuals and companies to make large purchases that they could not afford under other circumstances. Unless a debt is forgiven by the lender, it must be paid back, typically with added interest.
Collatz Tip: When planning to take on new debt or refinance existing debts, compare interest rates to ensure you’re getting the best deal. Lowering your interest rate on high-cost debts can lead to substantial savings.
Definitions
Mortgage(2) – A mortgage is an agreement between you and a lender that gives the lender the right to take your property if you fail to repay the money you’ve borrowed plus interest.
Sources
1 Investopedia
2 Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
Secured debt is backed by an asset or collateral in case of default, such as a mortgage backed by a house, while unsecured debt is not backed by any collateral and is determined by the borrower’s creditworthiness, like credit card debt.
Overview: Different kinds of debt may vary due to repayment structures, type of backing and more. Below, we will focus on the two categories of repayment structures (revolving vs installment debt) and the two categories of types of backing (secured vs unsecured debt)
(It is also important to note that debt/loans are not always this simple and always require diligent research before agreeing.)
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Collatz Tip: For specific debt repayment strategies, click on our “Debt Repayment Strategies” section below!
Definitions
Principal(1): The original amount of money borrowed, not including interest
Interest (Expense)(2): The additional price paid to borrow money. It is the monetary charge for the privilege of borrowing money, typically expressed as a monetary amount or an annual percentage rate (APR).
Interest (Revenue)(3): The return earned on investments, representing the earnings generated from lending out money or investing capital.
1 Credit Karma
2 Bankrate
3 Investopedia
Debt repayment strategies often involve methods like the ‘snowball method’, where you pay off debts in order of smallest to largest, or the ‘avalanche method’, where debts are paid off in order of highest to lowest interest rate, both aimed at reducing overall debt over time.
Overview: Debt repayment strategies are methods designed to efficiently reduce and eliminate debt. These strategies vary, addressing different financial situations and types of debt, such as credit card debt, student loans, and mortgages.
Collatz Tip: Tailor your approach by combining strategies if necessary. Start with the Avalanche method to tackle high-interest debts and switch to the Snowball method later to maintain motivation as you see debts disappearing. Remember, the best strategy is one that keeps you committed to your debt repayment plan.
Disclaimer*—All loans are unique by provider, nation, and type(secured or unsecured). It is important that you diligently read, research, and understand the terms of your loan and how they will impact your finances. The three most important factors are term, interest rate, and monthly payment amount.
Credit scores serve as a representation of a person’s creditworthiness, which is a critical factor that lenders and financial institutions consider when deciding whether to grant credit, approve loans, or determine interest rates, thereby playing a pivotal role in an individual’s financial journey.
Overview: A credit score or system is a way to assess creditworthiness. While there is no global credit system, many countries, such as the U.S., China, Japan, Germany, Australia, Spain, Canada, and the UK, partake in some sort of credit scoring system. Each country’s system may also vary, with some tracking total debt or debt history and others tracking negative marks of late or missed payments. The score range can also differ, with some not exceeding 100 and others reaching 999(1). Each country also has different requirements to obtain a loan or a line of credit. However, all of these scores and determinants of creditworthiness are what allow people to take out loans, mortgages, and larger lines of credit, making a good score or standing desirable.
Sources
1 Money Lion
Financial terminology encompasses the specialized language(Jargon) used to describe various aspects of money management, investment strategies, and economic concepts, essential for effective communication and understanding in the world of finance.
Income: The money received regularly for work or through investments.
Expenses: The costs incurred for goods, services, and bills.
Emergency Fund: Savings set aside specifically for unexpected expenses or emergencies.
Credit Card: A card allowing the holder to make purchases on credit(borrowed money), with a limit set by the card issuer.
Loan: A sum of money borrowed from a lender, to be repaid with interest.
Bankruptcy: A legal status of being unable to repay debts, resulting in a court process to resolve financial obligations.
Compound Interest: Earning interest on both the initial principal and the accumulated interest over time.
Retirement Account: A tax-advantaged investment account to save for retirement, often offered by employers.
Net Income: The amount of money left after deducting taxes and other deductions from one’s gross income.
Assets vs. Liabilities: Assets are what you own, while liabilities are what you owe. The difference is your net worth.
Credit Report: A detailed record of a person’s credit history, including credit cards, loans, and payment history.
Budgeting: Creating a plan to manage and allocate money for various expenses and savings.
Down Payment: A portion of the total cost paid upfront when making a big purchase, like a home or car.
Insurance: A financial arrangement that provides protection against financial loss or risk.
Depreciation: A decrease in the value of an asset over time.
Inheritance: Money or assets passed down to heirs after someone’s death.
Stocks: Ownership shares in a company, representing a claim on part of the company’s assets and earnings.
Mutual Fund: An investment vehicle that pools money from many investors to buy a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities.
Interest: The cost of borrowing money or the return on investment, expressed as a percentage.
Principal: The initial amount of money borrowed or invested, on which interest is calculated.
Simple Interest: Interest calculated only on the initial principal amount over a specified period.
Compound Interest: Interest calculated on both the initial principal and the accumulated interest from previous periods.
Rate of Interest: The percentage at which interest is charged or earned over a specified period.
Lender: An individual, institution, or entity that provides money to a borrower, typically in exchange for interest.
Borrower: An individual, company, or entity that receives money from a lender with the obligation to repay it, usually with interest.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR): The total cost of borrowing, expressed as a yearly interest rate, including fees and other costs.
Term: The period for which a loan or investment is agreed upon, influencing the total interest paid or earned.
Fixed Interest Rate: An interest rate that remains constant throughout the term of a loan or investment.
Variable Interest Rate: An interest rate that can change over time, typically influenced by market conditions.
Credit Card Interest: The interest charged on outstanding balances(money owed) of credit card debt.
APY (Annual Percentage Yield): The total annual interest earned on an investment, including compounding, expressed as a percentage.
Prime Rate: The interest rate at which banks lend to their most creditworthy customers.
Installment Loan: A loan repaid with a fixed number of equal payments over a specified period.
Interest-Only Loan: A loan where the borrower pays only the interest for a certain period before starting to repay the principal.
Usury: The illegal or unethical practice of charging excessively high interest rates on loans.
Default: Failing to meet the agreed-upon terms of a loan, such as missing payments, leading to financial consequences.
Prepayment: Paying off a loan or part of a loan before the scheduled due date.
Credit Score: A numerical representation of an individual’s creditworthiness, influencing the interest rates they may be offered.